The Analytic-Synthetic Distinction: Kant (Critique of Pure Reason, Intro., Sec.4)
A Priori vs A Posteriori Knowledge: Kant (Critique of Pure Reason, Intro., Sec.4)
Necessity & Contingency: Leibniz (Monadology, pgph.33)
Inverted Qualia: Locke (Essay Concerning Human Understanding, bk.2, chapt.32, sec.1)
Personal Identity: Locke (Essay Concerning Human Understanding, bk.2, chapt.28, sec.9)
Artificial Intelligence: Aristotle (De Anima, bk.2, chapt.1)