Animal Intelligence

• Descartes
  • "there is no reason for believing it of some animals without believing it of all, and many of them such as oysters and sponges are too imperfect for this to be credible" (Letter to the Marquess of Newcastle, 23 November 1646
  • two tests: http://www.wutsamada.com/alma/modern/discours.htm
• Nonhuman Primates: Language Use (Washoe, Koko, Nim Chimpsky, et al.) & theory of mind
  • article: http://bowland-files.lancs.ac.uk/chimp/langac/LECTURE4/4asl.htm
  • article: http://www.exn.ca/Stories/2002/05/31/52.asp (includes video remembrance of Nim Chimpsky)
  • Koko: http://www.koko.org/world/signlanguage.html: with narrated video
    • KokoTV (several videos): http://ali.apple.com/ali_sites/ali/exhibits/1000790/Koko_and_Penny.html
  • PBS Video: http://www.pbs.org/wnet/nature/php/search.php?search=search&keywords=chimpanzee&show_title=none&search=Search
• Bottlenose Dolphins: Self-Recognition
  • article: http://www.sciam.com/article.cfm?articleID=0002433B-A643-1C5E-B882809EC588ED9F
  • videos: http://www.pnas.org/cgi/content/full/101086398/DC1/1
• New Caledonian Crows: Tool Use & Manufacture
  • article: http://www.terryfrazier.com/fullThread$msgNum=1882#msg1882
  • videos: http://users.ox.ac.uk/%7Ekgroup/tools/media.shtml