from SPINOZA'S
ETHICS
PART
III: On the Origin and Nature of the Emotions
R. H. M. Elwes' translation
compiled by L.
Hauser
Definitions of the Emotions
Culled from the propositions. Spinoza's own concluding
"Definitions"
(end of Part III) may differ slightly (compare).
-
Endeavor: whereof "[e]very thing insofar
as it is in itself [would] persist in its own being" (IV)
-
Will: "endeavor when referred solely to
the mind" (IX)
-
Appetite: "endeavor . . . when referred
to the mind and body in conjunction" (IX)
-
Desire: "appetite with consciousness thereof"
(IX)
-
Pleasure: "a passive state wherein the
mind passes to a greater perfection (XI)
-
Pain: "a passive state wherein the mind
passes to a lesser perfection" (XI)
-
Stimulation (or merriment): the
emotion of pleasure in reference to the body and mind together (XI)
-
Suffering (or melancholy): "the
emotion of pain in the same reference [to body and mind together]" (XI)
-
Love: "pleasure accompanied by the idea
of an external cause" (XIII)
-
Hate: "pain accompanied by the idea of
an external cause" (XIII)
-
Sympathy (or inclination) wherein
"we love . . . a thing without any cause for our emotion being known to
us" (XV) or "pleasure accompanied by the idea of something which is accidentally
a cause"
-
Antipathy: wherein "we . . . hate a thing
without any cause for our emotion being known to us" (XV)
-
Vacillation: the "disposition of mind
that arises from two contrary emotions" (XVII)
-
Doubt: the disposition of mind that arises
from two contray images or representations (XVII)
-
Hope: "an inconstant pleasure, arising
from the image of something . . . whereof we do not yet know the issue"
(XVIII)
-
Fear: "an inconstant pain, arising from
the image of something concerning which we are in doubt" (XVIII)
-
Confidence: "an inconstant pleasure, arising
from the image of something . . . whereof we do not [doubt] the issue"
(XVIII)
-
Joy: "pleasure arising from an image of
something past whereof we doubted the issue" (XVIII)
-
Despair: "an inconstant pain, arising
from the image of something concerning which we are [not] in doubt" (XVIII)
-
Disappointment: pain "arising from of
image of something past whereof we doubted the issue" (XVIII)
-
Pity: "pain arising from another's hurt"
(XXII)
-
Approval: "love toward him who confers
a benefit on another" (XXII)
-
Indignation: "hatred toward him who injures
another" (XXII)
-
Envy: "hatred, in so far as it is regarded
as disposing a man to rejoice in another's hurt, and to grieve at another's
advantage" (XXIV)
-
Pride: "pleasure arising from a man thinking
too highly of himself" (XXVI)
-
Over-esteem: "pleasure which arises from
thinking too highly of another" (XXVI)
-
Disdain: "pleasure which arises from thinking
too little of a man" (XXVI)
-
Compassion (or pity): wherein "from
the fact of conceiving of a thing like ourselves to be affected by any
[painful] emotion, we ourselves are affected with a like emotion" (XXVII)
-
Corollary III: "We seek to free from misery,
as far as we can, a thing which we pity."
-
Emulation: "the desire of anything engendered
in us by the fact that we conceive that others have the like desire." (XXVII)
-
Benevolence: "will or appetite . . . which
arises from pity of the thing whereon we would confer a benefit" (XXVII)
-
Friendliness: "endeavor to do a thing
or leave it undone solely to please men"
-
Ambition: friendliness wherein "we so
eagerly endeavor to please the vulgar, that we do or omit certain things
to our own or another's hurt" (XIX): "immoderate love of fame" (LVI)
-
Praise: "pleasure, with which we conceive
the action of another, whereby he has endeavoured to please us" (XXIX)
-
Blame: "pain wherewith we feel aversion
to his action [whereby another has endeavored to harm us]" (XXIX)
-
Honour: pleasure accompanied by the idea
of another praising us (XXX)
-
Shame: pain accompanied by the idea of
another blaming us (XXX)
-
Self-complanceny: pleasure accompanied
by the idea that one "affects others pleasurably" (XXX)
-
Repentence: pain accompanied by the idea
that one affects another painfully (XXX)
-
Jealousy: "a wavering of the disposition
arising from combined love and hatred, accompanied by the idea of some
rival who is envied" (XXXV)
-
Good: "every kind of pleasure and everything
that conduces thereto, especially that which satisfies our longings"
(XXXIX)
-
Evil: "every kind of pain, especially
that which frustrates our longings" (XXXIX)
-
Timidity: "the fear whereby a man is induced
to avoid an evil which he regards as future by encountering a lesser evil"
(XXXIX)
-
Bashfulness: timidity wherein the evil
one fears is shame
-
Consternation: "if the desire to avoid
a future evil be checked by another evil, so that the man knows not which
to choose" (XXXIX) or "[wonder] excited by an object of fear" (LII)
-
Anger: "the endeavor to injure one whom
we hate" (XL)
-
Revenge: "the endeavor to repay injury
in kind" (XL)
-
Wonder: "imagination of a particular thing
insofar as it is alone in the mind [i.e., "something special, which we
have never seen before"]" (LII) "wherein the mind comes to a stand" (
-
Veneration: wonder at a man's virtues
"inasmusch as said man is thereby regarded as far surpassing ourselves"
(LII)
-
Horror (contempt or scorn): wonder
at a man's vices "inasmusch as said man is thereby regarded as far surpassing
ourselves" (LII)
-
Devotion: love joined to veneration (LII)
-
Derision: "contempt of a thing we hate
or fear" (LII)
-
Humility: "pain accompanied by the idea
of our own weakness" (LV)
-
Luxury: "immoderate love of feasting"
(LVI)
-
Drunkenness: "immoderate love of . . .
drink" (LVI)
-
Lust: "immoderate love of . . . venery"
(LVI)
-
Avarice: "immoderate love of . . . riches"
(LVI)
-
Courage: "the desire whereby every man
strives to preserve his own being in accordance solely with the dictates
of reason." (LIX)
-
Highmindedness: "the desire whereby every
man endeavours, solely under the dictates of reason, to aid other men and
to unite them to himself in friendship" (LIX)